Reported Speech. Suggestions.

When we report suggestions,
we use:
Suggest + that + sb should...
Suggest + ing

“Why don’t we go to the cinema?”
“How about going to the cinema?”
“Shall we go to the cinema?”
“Let’s go to the cinema.”
He suggested that we should go to the cinema.
He suggested going to the cinema.

Reported Speech. Requests

When we report a request,
we use:
Ask / beg + sb + (not) to infinitive.

“Open the door, please.”
She asked me to open the door.

“Please, don’t tell her the truth.”
She begged Dave not to tell her the truth.

Reported Speech. Commands

When we report commands,
we use:

Tell / order + sb + (not) to infinitve.

“Don’t eat in class”
He told me / ordered me not to eat in class.

Come here!

He told me / ordered me to go there.

Reported Speech. Questions

* Reported questions are introduced with verbs such as; ask, want to know, wonder.

* The verb changes to the affirmative form.

* The question mark (?) is omitted.

* In wh-questions, the question word is repeated in the indirect question.
“Where does she go on Mondays?”
Craig asked me where she went on Mondays.

* When the question begins with an auxiliary verb or a modal verb, the indirect question begisn with if or whether.

“Do you want a book?”
She asked me if / whether I wanted a book.

Reported Speech. Conditional Sentences

In conditional sentences type 1, we change the tenses.

“If I have time, I will talk to her.”
Sam said (that) if he had time, he would talk to her.

Conditional sentences type2 and 3 remain unchanged.

“If I did my homework, my teacher wouldn’t be angry with me.”
He said that if he did his homework, his teacher wouldn’t be angry with him.“

If I had been more careful, I wouldn’t have made mistakes.”
He said that if he had been more careful, he wouldn’t have made mistakes.

Before the test

1- Stay up-to-date on assignments. Learn material and review as you go along.
2- Make sure you understand the information as you are learning it. That way, you won't have to "re-learn" it OR have to "cram" a great deal of information at one time.
3- Read and study information in meaningful chunks (by chapters or units) so that you'll be able to "file" and "retrieve" information easily.
4- At the end of each chapter or unit, identify the information that was most important.Make up "flash cards" on this information that you can easily carry and use for study on a regular basis.
5- Analyze past tests to determine how you can improve test results.
6- Get the big picture. Ask the instructor about the test. Find out what information will be stressed and the kinds of questions that will be asked. Then go over your text and lecture notes to develop a study strategy. Map or outline the course contents if you haven't done so previously.
7- Before a test or exam, break study sessions into manageable time segments and meaningful units. You'll remember more if you study for short periods of time (45 minutes to 1 hour) and over a longer period of time (1-2 weeks) than if you cram all your study into a "binge" session the night before the test.
8- Practice answering essay questions BEFORE the test. Use cognitive questions at all levels to assure learning and ability to answer essay questions. For example: How would you describe, compare/contrast, predict, classify, apply, evaluate, prioritize, etc?
9- Use mnemonic techniques to memorize lists, definitions, and other specific kinds of information.
10- Form a study group with other students in your class to discuss and quiz each other on important material. This will add other perspectives and help to "complete" your study if you tend to be either a "detailed" or "big-picture" learner.
11- Maintain healthy living habits. Get a good night's sleep before the test.

Reported Speech. Other changes

Reported Speech. Tenses and Modal verbs

Reported Speech

We can use reported speech to report what people say.

Tom: “ I’m happy”

He says he is happy.
He said he was happy.

When the introductory verb (say, tell) is in the present, we can report what people say without changing the tense.When the introductory verb is in the past, the verbs have to be changed into a corresponding past tense.